Measles: What It Is, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Types

Measles, also known as rubeola, is one of the most contagious viral infections in the world. Despite being vaccine-preventable, measles remains a major public health concern, especially in areas with low immunization rates. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), measles caused over 128,000 deaths globally in 2021, mostly among unvaccinated children under five.

This comprehensive guide covers what measles is, its causes, symptoms, available treatments, and the different types of measles-related illnesses. We also examine recent outbreaks in the U.S., Europe, and the UK, along with expert-backed answers to frequently asked questions.

What Is Measles?

Measles is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the measles virus (MeV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family. It spreads through respiratory droplets and can lead to severe complications, especially in vulnerable populations.

How Measles Spreads

The virus transmits via:

• Airborne droplets (from coughing or sneezing)
• Direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
• Contaminated surfaces (the virus can survive for up to two hours in the air)

Once inside the body, the virus attacks the respiratory system before spreading to other organs.

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Causes of Measles

The primary cause of measles is the measles virus (MeV) infection. Key factors contributing to outbreaks include:

1. Lack of Vaccination

The MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine is 97% effective in preventing measles after two doses. However, declining vaccination rates—due to misinformation, lack of access, or vaccine hesitancy—have led to resurgences.

2. Weakened Immune Systems

People with compromised immunity (e.g., HIV/AIDS patients, cancer survivors, or those on immunosuppressive drugs) are at higher risk.

3. International Travel

Unvaccinated travelers can import measles from regions where the disease is still prevalent, sparking local outbreaks.

4. Crowded Living Conditions

Measles spreads rapidly in schools, refugee camps, and densely populated areas where people are in close contact.

Symptoms of Measles

Symptoms typically appear 7 to 14 days after exposure and progress in stages:

Early Stage (Prodromal Phase – First 2-4 Days)

• High fever (often above 104°F or 40°C)
• Dry cough, runny nose, and sore throat
• Red, watery eyes (conjunctivitis)
• Koplik’s spots (tiny white lesions inside the mouth) – a classic measles sign

Rash Stage (Next 5-6 Days)

• Red, blotchy rash starting on the face and behind the ears
• Spreads downward to the chest, arms, and legs
• The rash lasts about a week before fading

Complications of Measles

Measles can lead to serious health problems, particularly in:

• Children under 5
• Pregnant women
• Immunocompromised individuals

Common Complications

• Pneumonia (the leading cause of measles-related deaths)
• Encephalitis (brain inflammation, which can cause seizures or permanent damage)
• Severe diarrhea & dehydration (especially dangerous for infants)
• Ear infections (can lead to permanent hearing loss)
• Blindness (due to vitamin A deficiency worsening eye damage)

Long-Term Risks

A rare but fatal complication is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE), a degenerative brain disorder that can develop 7 to 10 years after infection.

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Treatment for Measles

There is no specific antiviral treatment for measles, but supportive care helps manage symptoms and prevent complications.

1. Medical Treatments

• Fever and pain relief (acetaminophen or ibuprofen)
• Vitamin A supplements (reduces severity and death risk, especially in children)
• Antibiotics (only if a secondary bacterial infection, like pneumonia, occurs)

2. Home Care & Natural Remedies

• Hydration (oral rehydration solutions for diarrhea)
• Rest to help the immune system fight the virus
• Humidifiers to ease cough and congestion

3. Hospitalization (Severe Cases)

• Oxygen therapy for breathing difficulties
• IV fluids for severe dehydration

According to a study published by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), high-dose vitamin A reduces measles mortality by up to 50% in children.

Types of Measles-Related Illnesses

There are two main types of measles-like illnesses:

1. Classic Measles (Rubeola)

• Caused by the measles virus
• Highly contagious with severe symptoms

2. German Measles (Rubella)

• Caused by the rubella virus
• Milder than rubeola but dangerous for pregnant women (can cause birth defects)

Measles Outbreaks in the U.S., Europe, and the UK

Despite vaccination efforts, measles has resurged in recent years due to declining immunization rates.

United States (2024)

• Florida, Philadelphia, and Chicago reported outbreaks.
• Most cases were linked to unvaccinated travelers and localized vaccine refusal.

Europe & UK (2023-2024)

• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) warned of rising cases, particularly in London and the West Midlands.
• Europe saw a 45-fold increase in measles cases in 2023 compared to 2022, per WHO.

According to research by the CDC, one infected person can spread measles to 12-18 others in an unvaccinated population.

Conclusion

Measles is a preventable yet dangerous disease that can cause severe complications and even death. The MMR vaccine remains the best defense, and maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial to preventing outbreaks. Public health efforts must focus on combating misinformation, improving vaccine access, and monitoring global outbreaks.

FAQs About Measles

1. Can adults get measles?

Yes, unvaccinated adults can contract measles, and infections may be more severe than in children.

2. How effective is the measles vaccine?

The MMR vaccine is 97% effective after two doses, providing lifelong immunity for most people.

3. Is measles deadly?

Yes. According to the WHO, measles caused over 128,000 deaths globally in 2021, mostly in unvaccinated children.

4. Can you get measles more than once?

No. Natural infection typically provides lifelong immunity.

5. Why are measles cases increasing?

Due to declining vaccination rates, global travel, and pandemic-related healthcare disruptions.

6. What’s the difference between measles and rubella?

Rubella (German measles) is milder but poses serious risks to pregnant women, potentially causing congenital disabilities.

7. Are there natural remedies for measles?

No cure exists, but hydration, vitamin A, and rest can help recovery.

8. How soon do symptoms appear after exposure?

Symptoms typically develop 7 to 14 days after infection.

9. Does breastfeeding protect babies from measles?

Maternal antibodies offer some protection, but vaccination is essential for complete immunity.

10. What should I do if exposed to measles?

Seek medical advice immediately. Post-exposure vaccination within 72 hours can reduce infection risk.

Sources

1. CDC – Measles (Rubeola)
   https://www.cdc.gov/measles/index.html
2. WHO – Measles Fact Sheet
   https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles
3. Mayo Clinic – Measles Symptoms & Causes
   https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/measles/symptoms-causes/syc-20374857
4. Wikipedia – Measles
   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles
5. NIH – Measles Complications
   https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8086244/
6. UNICEF – Measles & Vaccination
   https://www.unicef.org/health/measles
7. Johns Hopkins – Measles Outbreaks
   https://publichealth.jhu.edu/measles-outbreaks
8. American Academy of Pediatrics – MMR Vaccine Guide
   https://www.healthychildren.org/English/safety-prevention/immunizations/Pages/Measles-Vaccine.aspx
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